![]() Results from these GCM experiments are often complicated by mixing the local-scale intrinsic biophysical mechanism 3 with the nonlocal feedbacks triggered by the large-scale land cover change in the climate system, making it hardly comparable with observations 12, 13. Although these results generally support that vegetation enhances clouds and precipitation at large-scales 10, 11, especially in the tropics, these continental- or global-scale land clearing experiments implemented in models with a relatively coarse resolution are not consistent with the ongoing small-scale land activities in the real world. Global climate models (GCMs) have predicted a reduction in precipitation and a frequent decrease in cloud cover resulting from large-scale deforestation, with the greatest decrease in tropical regions 7, 8, 9. How clouds and precipitation respond to land cover change has been poorly constrained and presents one of the major challenges in climate change assessment 6. ![]() However, less attention has been paid to its indirect impacts on clouds and precipitation, two physically linked key components in the hydrological cycle. The direct biophysical impacts of forests on surface temperature have been extensively studied, revealing a latitudinal transition from tropical cooling to boreal warming 3, 4, 5. ![]() These processes are tightly linked to land surface properties, such as albedo, roughness, and canopy conductance that affect the exchange of energy and water between the land and the atmosphere 1, 2. ![]() Forests regulate climate and sustain the hydrological cycle through biophysical processes 1, 2. ![]()
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